PHARMALIEGE

The spike glycoprotein-S which present on coronavirus bind to the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors cells that help SSRNA to enter the host cell. Where translation occurs and the formation of polyproteins which will cleave by using TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2) to make viral components along with SSRNA has the potential to use another enzyme which is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate the SSRNA.So, both replicated SSRNA and viral components joined to form a virus  (COVID- 19) which signals to release the macrophage upon tissue damage than the other inflammatory mediators(IL-6, IL-10, Tumour necrosis factors, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, is released from the endothelium layer. Which will cause the dilation of blood vessels by contraction of endothelium layer to increase the capillary permeability that causes alveolar edema leads to drowning out a surfactant t...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that belongs to the coronavirus family. The first case was reported in December 2019, and the disease has become a pandemic. Impaired immune regulation is one of the factors that play a role in its pathogenesis and results in poor outcomes of COVID-19 patients. There have been many studies with drug candidates used as antivirals or immunomodulators. However, the results of these investigations showed that the drug candidates were not significantly effective against the disease. Meanwhile, people believe that consuming herbal immunomodulators can prevent or even cure COVID-19. Unfortunately, specific preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate the effects of herbal immunoregulators have not been conducted. Certain natural compounds might be effective for the treatment of COVID-19 based on general concepts from previous experiments. This review discusses ...